Oracle DBAs understand securing data in transit and at rest, but they don't have to deal with file level encryption, security of the databases, firewalls, denial of service attacks, SQL injection attacks, and other OS level security.
General infrastructure security concepts:
1. Some networking concepts such as VPC, VPN, and IPSec also apply to the security realm. More on these concepts can be found here: http://cloudconclave.blogspot.com/2013/07/aws-network-101-for-oracle-dbas.html
1. SSL : The Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is a commonly-used protocol for managing the security of a message transmission on the Internet. SSL uses the public-and-private key encryption system from RSA, which also includes the use of a digital certificate.
2. ACLs : Access Control Lists (ACLs) specifies which users or system processes are granted access to objects, as well as what operations are allowed on given objects.
3. MFA : Multifactor authentication (MFA) is a security system in which more than one form of
authentication is implemented to verify the legitimacy of a transaction. The goal of MFA is to
create a layered defense and make it more difficult for an unauthorized person to access a computer
system or network. An MFA device can be a Gemalto token (http://onlinenoram.gemalto.com/) or even an iPhone. http://cloudconclave.blogspot.com/2013/06/mfa-made-easy.html
4. Bastion Host :A bastion host is a special purpose computer on a network specifically designed and configured to withstand attacks. Information on bastion hosts on AWS with Oracle on these two posts: http://cloudconclave.blogspot.com/2013/05/aws-bastion-host-as-single-point-of.html http://cloudconclave.blogspot.com/2013/05/dba-and-developer-access-to-oracle.html
5. iptables : iptables are the tables provided by the Linux kernel firewall. These firewall rules make it possible for administrators to control what hosts can connect to the system, and limit risk exposure by limiting the hosts that can connect to a system. Information on iptables for security on AWS here: http://cloudconclave.blogspot.com/2013/06/aws-security-with-iptables.html
4. Bastion Host :A bastion host is a special purpose computer on a network specifically designed and configured to withstand attacks. Information on bastion hosts on AWS with Oracle on these two posts: http://cloudconclave.blogspot.com/2013/05/aws-bastion-host-as-single-point-of.html http://cloudconclave.blogspot.com/2013/05/dba-and-developer-access-to-oracle.html
5. iptables : iptables are the tables provided by the Linux kernel firewall. These firewall rules make it possible for administrators to control what hosts can connect to the system, and limit risk exposure by limiting the hosts that can connect to a system. Information on iptables for security on AWS here: http://cloudconclave.blogspot.com/2013/06/aws-security-with-iptables.html
6. IDS : An intrusion detection system (IDS) is a device or software application
that monitors network or system activities for malicious activities or
policy violations and produces reports to a management station. Some
systems may attempt to stop an intrusion attempt but this is neither
required nor expected of a monitoring system.
7. IPS : Intrusion prevention systems (IPS), also known as intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPS), are network security appliances that monitor network and/or system activities for malicious activity. The main functions of intrusion prevention systems are to identify malicious activity, log information about this activity, attempt to block/stop it, and report it. Intrusion prevention systems are considered extensions of intrusion detection systems because they both monitor network traffic and/or system activities for malicious activity.
8. DoS : A denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) or distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS attack) is an attempt to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users. IPS, iptables, AWS security groups, NACLs, and bastion hosts are all ways to prevent DoS attacks.
9. Penetration testing : A penetration test, occasionally pentest, is a method of evaluating computer and network security by simulating an attack on a computer system or network from external and internal threats.
7. IPS : Intrusion prevention systems (IPS), also known as intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPS), are network security appliances that monitor network and/or system activities for malicious activity. The main functions of intrusion prevention systems are to identify malicious activity, log information about this activity, attempt to block/stop it, and report it. Intrusion prevention systems are considered extensions of intrusion detection systems because they both monitor network traffic and/or system activities for malicious activity.
8. DoS : A denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) or distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS attack) is an attempt to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users. IPS, iptables, AWS security groups, NACLs, and bastion hosts are all ways to prevent DoS attacks.
9. Penetration testing : A penetration test, occasionally pentest, is a method of evaluating computer and network security by simulating an attack on a computer system or network from external and internal threats.
AWS specifics. You must be familiar with all of these concepts in order to perform basic actions on AWS and EC2:
1. Access key and secret key : The access key is used to access AWS using the CLI and TEST API. The REST and Query APIs use your access keys as the credential.You might be using a third-party product such as S3Fox or ElasticWolf that requires your
access keys (because the product itself makes AWS requests for you). Although access keys are primarily used for REST or Query
APIs, Amazon S3 and Amazon Mechanical Turk also use access keys with their SOAP APIs. Your Access Key ID identifies you as the party
responsible for service requests. You include it in each request, so
it's not a secret.The secret key provide anyone that possesses them incredible power to perform delete, terminate, start etc actions on your AWS resources (EC2, ELB, S3 etc) so be very careful with them. Don't e-mail it to anyone, include it any AWS requests, or post it on
the AWS Discussion Forums. No authorized person from AWS will ever ask
for your Secret Access Key.
2. x509 : X.509 certificates are based on the idea of public key cryptography. It is used for \making requests to AWS product SOAP APIs (except for Amazon S3 and Amazon Mechanical Turk, which use access keys for their SOAP APIs). SOAP services are being defocused so x509 will not be used as much moving forward.
3. Key pair file (SSH pem file) : You use an Amazon EC2 key pair (aka: PEM file) each time you launch an EC2 Linux/UNIX or Windows instance. The key pair ensures that only you have access to the instance.Each EC2 key pair includes a key pair name, a private key, and a public key. PEM is a file format that may consist of a certificate (aka. public key), a private key or indeed both concatenated together. Don't pay so much attention to the file extension; it means Privacy Enhanced Mail, a use it didn't see much use for but the file format stuck around. more on using PEM with EC2 here http://cloudconclave.blogspot.com/2012/09/connecting-to-aws-ec2-using-ssh-and-sftp.html
4. Security Groups : A security group acts as a firewall that controls the traffic allowed to reach one or more instances. When you launch an instance, you assign it one or more security groups. You add rules to each security group that control traffic for the instance. You can modify the rules for a security group at any time; the new rules are automatically applied to all instances to which the security group is assigned.
These AWS security concepts are not necessary but one you get beyond the 'playing around phase' of working with AWS these security components are key to working with AWS:
1. ARNs : Amazon Resource Names (ARNs) uniquely identify AWS resources. We require an ARN when you need to specify a resource unambiguously across all of AWS, such as in IAM policies, Amazon Relational Database Service (Amazon RDS) tags, and API calls. Here is an example ARN:
<!-- Amazon RDS tag -->
arn:aws:rds:eu-west-1:001234567890:db:mysql-db
ARNs are used extensively with IAM to place security/access policies on AWS services.
2. IAM : AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) enables you to securely control access to AWS services and resources for your users. Using IAM you can create and manage AWS users and groups and use permissions to allow and deny their permissions to AWS resources. More details here: http://cloudconclave.blogspot.com/2012/10/aws-iam-service.html, http://cloudconclave.blogspot.com/2013/05/aws-getting-started-with-groups-and.html
3. NACLs : Network ACLs operate at the subnet level and evaluate traffic entering and exiting a subnet. Network ACLs can be used to set both Allow and Deny rules. Network ACLs do not filter traffic between instances in the same subnet. In addition, network ACLs perform stateless filtering while security groups perform stateful filtering.
2. x509 : X.509 certificates are based on the idea of public key cryptography. It is used for \making requests to AWS product SOAP APIs (except for Amazon S3 and Amazon Mechanical Turk, which use access keys for their SOAP APIs). SOAP services are being defocused so x509 will not be used as much moving forward.
3. Key pair file (SSH pem file) : You use an Amazon EC2 key pair (aka: PEM file) each time you launch an EC2 Linux/UNIX or Windows instance. The key pair ensures that only you have access to the instance.Each EC2 key pair includes a key pair name, a private key, and a public key. PEM is a file format that may consist of a certificate (aka. public key), a private key or indeed both concatenated together. Don't pay so much attention to the file extension; it means Privacy Enhanced Mail, a use it didn't see much use for but the file format stuck around. more on using PEM with EC2 here http://cloudconclave.blogspot.com/2012/09/connecting-to-aws-ec2-using-ssh-and-sftp.html
4. Security Groups : A security group acts as a firewall that controls the traffic allowed to reach one or more instances. When you launch an instance, you assign it one or more security groups. You add rules to each security group that control traffic for the instance. You can modify the rules for a security group at any time; the new rules are automatically applied to all instances to which the security group is assigned.
These AWS security concepts are not necessary but one you get beyond the 'playing around phase' of working with AWS these security components are key to working with AWS:
1. ARNs : Amazon Resource Names (ARNs) uniquely identify AWS resources. We require an ARN when you need to specify a resource unambiguously across all of AWS, such as in IAM policies, Amazon Relational Database Service (Amazon RDS) tags, and API calls. Here is an example ARN:
<!-- Amazon RDS tag -->
arn:aws:rds:eu-west-1:001234567890:db:mysql-db
ARNs are used extensively with IAM to place security/access policies on AWS services.
2. IAM : AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) enables you to securely control access to AWS services and resources for your users. Using IAM you can create and manage AWS users and groups and use permissions to allow and deny their permissions to AWS resources. More details here: http://cloudconclave.blogspot.com/2012/10/aws-iam-service.html, http://cloudconclave.blogspot.com/2013/05/aws-getting-started-with-groups-and.html
3. NACLs : Network ACLs operate at the subnet level and evaluate traffic entering and exiting a subnet. Network ACLs can be used to set both Allow and Deny rules. Network ACLs do not filter traffic between instances in the same subnet. In addition, network ACLs perform stateless filtering while security groups perform stateful filtering.
4. S3 SSE : http://cloudconclave.blogspot.com/2013/07/s3-sse-without-request-header.html Server-side encryption is about data encryption at rest, that is, Amazon S3 encrypts your
data as it writes it to disks in its data centers and decrypts it for you when you access
it. As long as you authenticate your request and you have access permissions, there is no
difference in the way you access encrypted or unencrypted objects. Amazon S3 manages
encryption and decryption for you. For example, if you share your objects using a pre-signed
URL, the pre-signed URL works the same way for both encrypted and unencrypted objects.
5. Data Encryption : AWS does not provide encryption of EBS (Elastic Block Storage) . More details on a couple of vendors that provide solutions here: http://cloudconclave.blogspot.com/2013/04/ebs-volume-encryption.html
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